Bioreduction of hexavalent chromium by Exiguobacterium indicum strain MW1 isolated from marine water of Paradip Port,Odisha, India

Hexavalent chromium-tolerant (1500?mg/L) bacterium MW1 was isolated from harbour water of Paradip Port and evaluated for Cr(VI) reduction potential. The isolate was identified as Exiguobacterium indicum by biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence methods. Salt tolerance of the bacterium was evaluated in a wide range of NaCl concentrations (0.5–13%, w/v). The Cr(VI) reduction of the strain was evaluated and optimised with varied Cr(VI) concentrations (100–1000?mg/L), pH (5.0–9.0), temperature (30–40°C) and shaking velocity (100–150?rpm) in two different minimal media (M9 and Acetate). Under optimised conditions, after 192?h of incubation nearly 92%, 50% and 46% reduction in the M9 minimal medium and 91%, 47% and 40% reduction in the acetate minimal medium were observed for 100, 500 and 1000?mg/L of Cr(VI), respectively. The exponential rate equation for Cr(VI) reduction yielded higher rate constant value, that is, 1.27?×?10^?2?h^?1 (M9) and 1.17?×?10^?2?h^?1 (Acetate) in case of 100?mg/L and became lower for 500 and 1000?mg/L Cr(VI) concentrations. Further, the association of bacterial cells with reduced product was ascertained by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, UV–Vis–DRS and field-emission scanning electron microscope–energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. The above study suggests that the higher reducing ability of the marine bacterium E. indicum MW1 will be suitable for Cr(VI) reduction from saline effluents.     

脱硝催化剂孔结构及其脱硝特性的研究

选择性催化还原脱硝技术(SCR)所采用的催化剂多数为多孔介质,其内部孔隙有助于提高催化剂的反应活性。文中采用浸渍负载法,通过改变制备温度制备出不同孔结构的催化剂样品,采用N2吸附法对其孔结构进行测定和分析,并对不同孔结构的催化剂样品进行了脱硝实验。研究表明:煅烧及干燥温度对催化剂孔结构有很大的影响,比表面积越大,其催化剂内的孔分布宽度越窄,平均孔径越小;在活性温度范围(360～390℃)内,脱硝过程中主要是属于化学反应过程控制,脱硝效果随着比表面积的增大而增强;在非活性温度范围内,脱硝过程同时受到气体扩散过程及化学反应过程控制。     

新型悬浮填料澄清池中填料对澄清作用的影响初探

为考察可取代传统二沉池的新型悬浮填料澄清池技术的原理及关键参数，小试试验研究了填料对新型悬浮填料澄清池固液分离过程中附着污泥形成及其絮凝性能的影响，并对填料在澄清中的作用机理进行了探讨。结果表明，当泥水界面上升至填料区后，可以形成较悬浮污泥更加致密稳定的附着污泥区，并形成孔道流，强化了对混合液中污泥颗粒的絮凝效果；填料区可以捕捉去除从悬浮污泥区中“逃逸”的微小污泥絮体，并降低出水浊度，有效地保证了出水水质的稳定性。填料的存在发挥了强大的整流作用，降低了雷诺数Re，提高了弗汝德数Fr，从而改善了污泥絮凝的水力条件，提高了澄清能力。     

多相流中细长颗粒数值模拟研究综述

纤维干燥尾气中的飞灰含有大量的木质纤维、砂光粉和其他粉尘。从形状来看,木质纤维属细长颗粒,和研究较为成熟的球形颗粒在许多方面存在较多差异。目前,国内外学者们已对细长颗粒在多相流中的悬浮、沉降及流化方面开展了大量数值模拟研究,取得了一定的进展;在此基础上,继续完善木质纤维的运动特征、推导出其在换热器表面的碰撞沉积模型是下一步的主要工作。     

有机质胶体对卡马西平在多孔介质中迁移影响模拟实验

有机质胶体与有机污染物的相互作用会影响污染物在多孔介质中迁移转化等环境行为.为研究有机质胶体对药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在土壤环境中迁移的影响,本实验以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,用商用腐殖酸制备有机质胶体,分别选择石英砂、标准土和野外所取土样为研究介质,通过室内土柱模拟实验探究有机质胶体存在时污染物在多孔介质中的迁移行为.结果表明,描述一维溶质运移的两点化学非平衡模型能够较好模拟CBZ在各介质土中的运移过程,说明污染物运移过程中与介质间发生了化学非平衡吸附作用;石英砂柱中加入胶体后,对CBZ的吸附过程无明显影响,但在解吸时阻滞因子及滞留量变小,可见胶体与石英砂间作用微弱,解吸过程中胶体与污染物结合形成复合体后对污染物有增溶作用;胶体存在时,标准土和自然土对CBZ的吸附量和迁移阻滞强度均明显大于石英砂,其中有机质及黏土矿物的作用最为明显,有机质中的低能/高能吸附位点以及黏土矿物极性表面均能够固定污染物;由于有机质含量较高,自然土对CBZ在吸附-解吸过程中的阻滞截留强度大于标准土.针对本实验中CBZ的迁移情况,提出了疏水性有机污染物在含有机质胶体土壤中的迁移过程中各种作用的概念模型.     

水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度(30、40、50、60、70 mg·L-1)和不同粒径(0～75μm、75 ～ 96μm、96 ～150 μm、150～ 250 μm)水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)叶绿素a含量、抗氧化系酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光合参数变化的影响,探讨了水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性影响的机制.结果表明,预处理与未处理悬浮颗粒物在一定浓度范围内会促进藻类生长,超过各自临界浓度(预处理为40 mg·L-1、未处理为50 mg·L-1)后,随着颗粒物浓度的增加会对藻类生长产生抑制现象未经处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物对斜生栅藻都表现出抑制作用,0～75μm粒径组颗粒物作用下藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等均显著区别于其他粒径组的作用(p＜0.05).经过预处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物中,96～150μm粒径组对藻类的生长抑制较其他粒径组明显,且小粒径组颗粒物对藻类体内SOD、CAT、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等影响较大.受不同浓度悬浮颗粒物胁迫的斜生栅藻相对电子传递速率随着时间延长在一定程度上降低,但这种抑制作用在藻细胞的耐受范围,藻细胞可以通过自身调节将电子传递速率恢复到正常水平甚至更高以抵抗逆境环境.     

Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.     

AO一体化改良工艺在北方城镇中小型污水处理厂的应用优势

北方城镇中小型污水处理厂进水的水质、水温变化较大,冬季水温在12℃以下,低温对氨氮去除效果有明显影响。根据几种传统生物法污水处理工艺的比较表明,CASS工艺比较适合城镇中小型污水处理厂。为研究出比CASS工艺更适合北方中小城镇污水处理厂的工艺方法,以宁安市污水处理厂为研究对象加入悬浮填料技术并对传统AO工艺进行改造．在污染物去除率、占地面积、工程造价生产成本方面与CASS工艺进行比较。其中,COD和NH3-N污染物去除率分18℃和40℃水温两个周期进行检测对比。以上比较结果为北方城镇中小型污水厂的工艺选择及优化运行提供技术支持及理论依据。     

序批式移动床生物膜反应器富集反硝化聚磷菌及其在单污泥系统中的应用

本文介绍了在单污泥系统中选择和富集反硝化聚磷菌的国内外研究进展,对不同研究者提出的选择和富集反硝化聚磷菌的方法进行了分析和评价,并提出将反硝化聚磷菌与移动床生物膜反应器工艺结合起来,在序批式移动床生物膜反应器悬浮填料上选择和富集反硝化聚磷菌,进一步认识了反硝化聚磷菌的生化特征,使其成为反应器中优势菌群,以及该工艺今后的研究重点。     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.